Links to History of Musical Instruments

• Early Music FAQ list of Early Instrument Resources [Todd Michel McComb]
• Information about Instruments [Music Library, University of Washington]
• Grove Music Online   [Open access only to general information and demos; full access only by subscription]

Museums and Collections

[ Brass | Banjo | Guitar | Piano | Strings | Mechanical Musical Instruments ]


• CIMCIM Members' Museums [Musical Instrument Museums]
• C I M C I M: Comité International des Musées et Collections d'Instruments de Musique / Comité Internacional de Museos y Colecciones de Instrumentos Musicales / International Committee of Musical Instrument Museums and Collections
• International Directory of Musical Instrument Collections
• Recommendations for the Conservation of Musical Instruments: An Annotated Bibliography (CIMCIM Publications No.1, 1993)
• Technical Drawings of Musical Instruments in Public Collections of the World
• National Music Museum: America's Shrine to Music Museum [The University of South Dakota]
• The Bate Collection of Musical Instruments [Faculty of Music, University of Oxford]
• Edinburgh University Collection of Historical Musical Instruments
• Russell Collection of Early Keyboard Instruments
• The Demonstrations [Audio samples of instruments in the collection, in RealAudio and MPEG formats]
• Royal College of Music, London: Museum of Instruments [Elizabeth Wells MBE Curator]
• Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester: Collection of Historic Musical Instruments
• Museum of Musical Instruments
• Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments [Yale University]
• Stearns Collection of Musical Instruments [School of Music, University of Michigan]
• musikinstrumenten-museum der universität leipzig
• Musée des Instruments de Musique (MIM) / Muziekinstrumentenmuseum / Musical Instrument Museum [Les Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire (MRAH) / De Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis (KMKG), Bruxelles (Belgium)]
• Musikmuseet (Stockholm Music Museum)

Instruments Top

• Musikinstrumenten-Museum, Markneukirchen, Die bunte Welt der Musik-instrumente
• Sibeliusmuseum, Åbo, Finland
• Museum of Making Music, Carlsbad, California
• Deutsches Museum: Musik
• Historischen Museums Basel: Musikmuseum
• Gemeentemuseum: Music [Den Haag]
• Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture [Museums of Russia]
• Kenneth G. Fiske Museum of Musical Instruments at The Claremont Colleges [Albert R. Rice, curator]
• Horniman Museum: Musical Instruments
• musée de la musique (Paris) [in French; Music Museum (English)]
• Museum of Music History [Institute for Musicology of the Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)]
• The Orpheon Foundation, Museum of Historical Musical Instruments [Vienna, Austria]
• Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Collections: Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
• Pitt Rivers Museum [University of Oxford]
• Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments
• Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Musical Instruments
• Musical Instruments & Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
• Stiftelsen Musikkulturens Främjande (The Nydahl Collection) [Stockholm, Sweden]
• Museum of Popular Instruments, Research Centre for Ethnomusicology [Hellenic Ministry of Culture]
• The Library of Congress: The Collections of Musical Instruments

Brass
• Schloss Kremsegg Castle Brass Instrument Collection
• The Brass Players Museum: Antique Brass Musical Instruments [David Neill]
• HJM Collection of Brass Musical Instruments [Heikki Moisio: "The collection consists of 29 ethnic instruments, 1 free reed signal horn, 3 cornetts, 2 serpents, 2 ophicleides, 1 keyed bugle, 10 bugles, 48 trumpets, 33 cornets, 4 Sax horns, 9 flugel horns,1 ballad horn, 18 French horns, 94 trombones, 15 valve trombones, 8 alto horns, 15 baritone horns, 10 euphoniums, 7 tubas." "There are also ca. 400 mouthpieces for brass instruments, old photos, books, posters, litographs, miniatures, etc."]

Banjo
• The National Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Museum
• The Canning Banjo Collection and Archive [National Music Museum: America's Shrine to Music Museum, The University of South Dakota]

Guitar
• Frets.com Museum [Frets.com, Frank Ford, Gryphon Stringed Instruments]

Piano
• The Virtual Piano Museum
• Frederick Historic Piano Collection [Historical Piano Study Center]
• Museum of the American Piano

Strings
• The Vázquez Collection of Historical Musical Instruments of the 16^th to the 18^th Century [Orpheon: Museum of Historical Musical Instruments, Vienna]

Mechanical Musical Instruments

	Instruments Top
	Museums & Collections

• Musée de la musique mécanique des Gets
• Musée Monopoli
• Les Pavillons de Bercy
• Musée de la Musique Mécanique d'Hauhourdin
• Pays de la Luterie, de la Dentelle, et de la Musique Mécanique
• Moulin à Musique Mécanique ( ex Musée de Crillon le Brave)
• Musée du Phonographe et de la Musique Mécanique de Sainte Maxime sur Mer
• Musée du Phonographe et de Musique Mécanique de Limoges Hotel de la Paix
• Musée de l'Automate
• Musée de Musique Mécanique de Dollon
• Draaiorgelmuseum Haarlem
• Piano Melodico
• The Kyoto Arashiyama Orgel Museum
• Musée Boîtes à musique, Automates, Cima, Sainte-Croix, Swisse
• A. Kessler's nostalgisches Musikparadies
• Museum für Uhren und Mechanische Musikinstrumente (MUMM) / Museum of Timepieces and Music Instruments, Oberhofen am Thunersee (Schweiz) [Oberhofen - Lake Thun (Switzerland)]
• Musical Wonder House & Merry Music Box, Wiscasset, Maine
• DeBence Antique Music World, Franklin, Pennsylvania
• Musica Mecanica: Museums, attractions and private collections open to visitors
• Spieluhrenwelt: "Die Heimat der Spieluhr" - "The home of the Musicbox" [links]

Historical Guides

[ Winds | Brass | Strings | other ]


• Music Heritage Network: Instrument Encyclopedia [CHICO's Music Heritage Network (MHN)]
• A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments [Instruments pictured are owned by Musica Antiqua, ensemble members, or Iowa State University]
• Andrea Bornstein, Gli strumenti musicali del Rinascimento (Padova: Franco Muzzio Editore, 1987) [online version of a printed book; Musica Antica]
• Instruments pour jouer les musiques du moyen age [French site; multilingual, iconography]
• Renaissance Instruments [J. Peter Burkholder, Music M401 History and Literature of Music I: Antiquity to 1750, Indiana University School of Music]
• Rebecca Arkenberg, "Music in the Renaissance", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
• Instrument Pages [Todd Michel McComb, Early Music FAQ list of Early Instrument Resources]
• Diabolus in musica Guide to Early Instruments
• Compendium of Baroque Musical Instruments
• The Tudor Revolution [Diabolus in musica]
• Strings and Courses [Diabolus in musica]
• Wendy Powers, "Musical Terms for the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2003).
• Archéologie musicale du tympan de moissac de la pierre au son [André Calvert]
• Jayson Kerr Dobney, "Nineteenth-Century Classical Music", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2004).
• Jayson Kerr Dobney, "Military Music in American and European Traditions", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2004).
• Music: Musical instruments [An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt]
• Jeffrey Arkenberg, "Music in the Han Dynasty", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).

Winds
• Wind Instruments of The Renaissance
• Early Wind Instruments [Early MusiChicago]
• Typologie des instruments à vent: selon leur mode de production des notes [in French]
• A Bibliography of Writings about the Oboe and Bassoon, 17th–19th Centuries [David Lasocki, Indiana University Music Library]

Brass
• A Bibliography of Writings about Historic Brass Instruments, 1988-96 [David Lasocki, Indiana University Music Library]
• A Brief History of Brass Instruments [David Wilken]
• Renaissance Brass Instruments [Antique Sound Workshop, Ltd.]
• Baroque and Classical Brass Instruments [Antique Sound Workshop, Ltd.]
• Modern Brass Instruments [Antique Sound Workshop, Ltd.]

Strings
• Venice Research ["Venice Research is a collection of string instruments and a commercial point for the purchase and sale of fine italian classical and modern string instruments, mainly made in Venice. It is located in the beautiful city of Venice..., Italy. We are devoted to the research of fine string instruments as also of informations concerning the musical life in Venice, the venetian makers of string instruments and their work, from 17th century till our times. Will be published essays and antique documents, technical and photographical files of important instruments as unedited informations on Venice makers of stringed instruments. We hope you will enjoy visiting our site and the city of Venice also, that has payed an important tribute to the arts and the musical life. Not all the instruments herein illustrated are for sale."]



	Instruments Top
	Historical Guides

[other]
• Standard Pitch Or Concert Pitch For Pianos [A Brief History of Pitch; Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History of the Piano Forte]

Historical Sources & Facsimiles

• Archéologie musicale du tympan de moissac de la pierre au son [André Calvert]

Societies and Associations

[ Winds | Bagpipes | Brass | Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn | Double Reeds | Horn | Northumbrian Pipes | Panpipes / Pan-Flute | Pipe & Tabor | Recorder | Sackbut | Trombone | Trumpet | Uilleann Pipes   ||   Strings | Cello | Double Bass | Hardanger Fiddle | Nyckelharpa | V'cello | Viola | Viola da gamba (Viol) | Viola d'amore | Violin   ||   Plucked Strings | Banjo | Guitar | Harp | Lute | Lyre, plucked | Mandolin | Rote / Rotte / Saxon Rotte / Anglo-Saxon Lyre (Medieval)   ||   Keyboards | Carillon | Clavichord | Harpsichord | Organ | Reed Organ | Spinet | Virginal   ||   Percussion | Tabor   ||   Mechanical Musical Instruments ]


	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments



• The Galpin Society ["The Society was formed in October 1946 for the publication of original research into the history, construction, development and use of musical instruments. Its name commemorates the pioneer work of Canon Francis W. Galpin (1858-1945) who had spent a lifetime in the practical study of old instruments, in collecting them and recording their history."]
• American Musical Instrument Society ["An international organization founded in 1971 to promote better understanding of all aspects of the history, design, construction, restoration, and usage of musical instruments in all cultures and from all periods."]
• Fellowship of Makers & Researchers of Historical Instruments
• Guild of American Luthiers (GAL)
• Early Music FAQ list of Early Music Societies [Todd Michel McComb]


• Winds:
• Bagpipes:
• The Bagpipe Society
• Na Píobairí Uilleann [The Society of Uilleann Pipers]
• ""The aims of the society are to perpetuate the spirit of the music, in particular the playing of the pipes and the production and maintenance of the instrument itself."
• Northumbrian Pipers' Society
• "The Northumbrian Pipers' Society was established in 1928 to promote the indigenous bagpipes of the North-East of England - the Northumbrian Smallpipes and the Half-long or Border pipes."
• Brass:
• The Historic Brass Society
• Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn:
International Clarinet Association
• ClarinetFest® Presentation Archives
• Double Reeds:
• International Double Reed Society
• British Double Reed Society
• L'Association Française du Hautbois
• Australasian Double Reed Society Inc.
• Horn:
• The IHS Online (International Horn Society)
• Northumbrian Pipes: see Bagpipes
• Panpipes / Pan-Flute
• Panflute World Association
• Pipe and Tabor:
• The Taborers Society
• Recorder:
• American Recorder Society
• Society of Recorder Players (U.K.)
• Stichting Blokfluit (Netherlands)
• Sackbut: see Trombone
• Trombone:

	Instruments Top
	Societies

• International Trombone Association
• British Trombone Society
• Trumpet:
• International Trumpet Guild
• Uilleann Pipes: see Bagpipes


• Strings:
• Catgut Acoustical Society
• Cello (see: V'cello)
• Double Bass:
• International Society of Bassists
• Hardanger Fiddle:
• Hardanger Fiddle Association of America
• Nyckelharpa:
• The American Nyckelharpa Association
• V'cello:
• Internet Cello Society
• Viola:
• International Viola Society
• American Viola Society
• Australian and New Zealand Viola Society
• Canadian Viola Society
• Les Amis de l'Alto [France]
• Viola da gamba / Viol:
• Federation of Viola da Gamba Societies
• Australian Viola da Gamba Society
• Czech Viola da Gamba & Lute Societies
• Société Française de Viole [alternate]
• Viola da Gamba Society of Greater New York
• Viola da Gamba Foundation of the Netherlands
• Viola da Gamba Society (U.K.)
• Viola da Gamba Society: New England

	Instruments Top
	Societies

• Viola da Gamba Society of America
• Viola d'amore:
• Viola d'Amore Society of America
• Violin:
• The American Federation of Violin and Bow Makers
• The Violin Society Of America


• Plucked Strings:
• Banjo
• The American Banjo Fraternity
• BMG: The British Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Federation
• Guitar:
• BMG: The British Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Federation
• The Guitar Foundation of America
• Lute & Early Guitar Society of Japan
• Harp:
• Historical Harp Society
• American Harp Society
• World Harp Congress
• Société Internationale Erard / Internationale Erard-Gesellschaft / International Erard Society
• Lute:
• Belgian Lute Academy / Académie belge du Luth / Belgische Luitacademie
• Czech Lute & Viola Da Gamba Societies
• Deutsche Lautengesellschaft
• A brief introduction in English
• Lute & Early Guitar Society of Japan
• Lute Society (U.K.)
• Lute Society of America and more information
• De Nederlandse Luitvereniging / The Dutch Lute Society
• Société Française de Luth
• Site in English
• Svenska Gitarr - och Lutasällskape
• Other Lute Societies [list at Lute Society of America]
• Lyre, plucked (see: Rote)

	Instruments Top
	Societies

• Mandolin:
• Classical Mandolin Society of America
• BMG: The British Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Federation
• Rote / Rotte / Saxon Rotte / Anglo-Saxon Lyre (Medieval):
• Lyre Association International
• Lyre Association of North America


• Keyboards:
• HPSCHD-L: Harpsichords and Related Topics ["...an electronic mailing list devoted to early stringed keyboard instruments: harpsichords, clavichords, fortepianos, virginals, and all similar instruments except the modern piano."]
• Southeastern Historical Keyboard Society
• The Midwestern Historical Keyboard Society
• Carillon:
• World Carillon Federation / Fédération Mondiale du Carillon / Beiaard Wereld Federatie
• Carillon Society of Australia
• The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)
• Guilde des carillonneurs et campanologues suisses (GCCS) / Gilde der Carillonneure und Campanologen der Schweiz (GCCS) / Guild of Carillonneurs and Campanologists of Switzerland (GCCS)
• Clavichord:
• The British Clavichord Society
• The Boston Clavichord Society
• Deutsche Clavichord Societät
• Harpsichord:
• British Harpsichord Society
• "The British Harpsichord Society promotes the awareness, enjoyment, study, performance and ownership of harpsichords and related plucked keyboard instruments in Britain. Our aim is to create more public awareness, dispel negative myths and get more people enjoying and playing the harpsichord. Harpsichords, spinets and virginals are included. Pianos, fortepianos and clavichords are not, but we are happy to point people to complementary organisations such as the British Clavichord Society."
• HPSCHD-L: Harpsichords and Related Topics ["...an electronic mailing list devoted to early stringed keyboard instruments: harpsichords, clavichords, fortepianos, virginals, and all similar instruments except the modern piano."]
• Organ:
• American Guild of Organists
• Accademia Organistica Campana
• Organ Historical Society
• Royal Canadian College of Organists
• Associação Brasileira de Organistas
• PIPORG-L [Pipe Organ List]
• Reed Organ:
• The Reed Organ Society, Inc.

	Instruments Top
	Societies

• Spinet (see: Harpsichord)
• Virginal (see: Harpsichord)


• Percussion:
• Pipe and Tabor:
• The Taborers Society


• Mechanical Musical Instruments:
• Musica Mecanica: Associations
• Musical Box Society International
• Automatic Musical Instruments Collectors' Association
• Australian Collectors of Mechanical Musical Instruments

Individual Instruments [within the context of European early music]

[ A | B... | Bar... | C... | Ch... | Ci... | Co... | Cr... | D | E | F... | Flute | Flu... | G | H... | Harpsichord | He... | I | ... | K | L... | Lute | Ly... | M | N | O... | Or... | P... | Piano | Pi... | ... | R... | Rec... | Ro... | S... | Sh... | T... | Trom... | U | V... | Viola... | Violin | W | ... | Z ]

A
• Aeolian Harp
• Selected Bibliography on the Aeolian Harp [At: Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Music & Musical Instruments]
• The Æolian Harp Page [Art Robb, Luthier]
• Appalachian Dulcimer
• The Appalachian Dulcimer [Art Robb, Luthier]
• A Bibliography of the Plucked (Appalachian or Mountain) Dulcimer and Related Instruments [Compiled by Bethany Aronow; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Dulcimer [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Aulos
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Lekythos, ca. 480 B.C.; red-figure, Attributed to the Brygos Painter, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Autoharp
• The Autoharp: A Select Listing of Instruction Books and Articles [Compiled by Marsha Maguire; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Autoharp Quarterly
• The True History of the Autoharp [Ivan Stiles, Autoharp Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 3.]

	Instruments Top
	Societies

• UK Autoharps [Jenny Edwards]

B
• Bagpipes
• The Bagpipe [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Bagpipe [Diabolus in musica]
• The Universe Of Bagpipes [Oliver Seeler, Nova Albion Research]
• Thorsten's Bagpipe Pages [Thorstens Sackpfeifen-Seiten (German site)]
• la cornemuse : le portail français [in French]
• La cornemuse en Europe et en France [in French; scroll down for English translation]
• La Cornemuse Ecossaise [in French]
• Musette [in French; iconography]
• Na Píobairí Uilleann [The Society of Uilleann Pipers]
• ""The aims of the society are to perpetuate the spirit of the music, in particular the playing of the pipes and the production and maintenance of the instrument itself."
• History of the Uilleann Pipes
• The Uilleann Pipes [irelandseye.com; from Ciaran Carson, Appletree Guide to Irish Traditional Music]
• Northumbrian Pipers' Society
• "The Northumbrian Pipers' Society was established in 1928 to promote the indigenous bagpipes of the North-East of England - the Northumbrian Smallpipes and the Half-long or Border pipes."
• Northumbrian Smallpipes [Julia Say & Barry.Say]
• la cornemuse dans le sud [in French; brief with photos]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Bagpipe Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Iconographie de la cornemuse inventaire des representations conservees en France [French site; multilingual introductions]
• France, 1600–1800 A.D.: Musette, end of 17th century [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Bandora
• The Cittern and Bandora [Diabolus in musica]
• Relatives of the Lute: Bandora [Lute Society of America]
• Bandora [Bernard Ellis]
• Banjo
• classic banjo
• BanjoHistory.com
• Articles
• Danielle Saxon Reeves, A brief History of the banjo, with particular reference to the classical style [BMG: The British Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Federation]
• Banjo Tablatures and Bluegrass Information
• History of the Banjo

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Basic but Essential Sources for a History of the Banjo [Compiled by Bill Reese]
• Bill Reese, Thumbnail History of the Banjo [mirror]
• The Tenor Banjo Page [Paul Slater]
• Dr. Horsehair Music Co. [instruments, books, and history]
• 'Picturing The Banjo' Through American History [npr: National Public Radio]
• American Fretted Musical Instrument Makers [Compiled by Michael I. Holmes]
• A Bibliography of the History and Playing Styles of the Five-String Banjo [Compiled by Robert J. Clayton; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Baryton
• Walter Rowe and the Earliest Baryton Music [Tim Crawford]
• Baryton after J. J. Stadlmann by Kurt Hoyer, 1977 [The Orpheon Foundation]
• Basset horn & Basset clarinet: see Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn
• Bassoon
• The Baroque Bassoon Home Page [John Morris; Japanese]
• Bassoons [BBC, h2g2]
• A Bibliography of Writings about the Oboe and Bassoon, 17th-19th Centuries [David Lasocki, Indiana University Music Library]
• The Bassoon [Music 33: 18th & 19th Century Western Art Music; Dartmouth College]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Bassoon, History [brief historical outline, in sections: "Shawms in the Renaissance period", "The dulcian", "The early bassoon", "19th century – the birth of the modern bassoon"]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Contrabassoon, double bassoon, History [brief historical outline]
• Contrabassoon [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Contrabassophone [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Reed Contrabass [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Slide Reed Subcontrabass [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• See also Dulcian
• Bassanello: Michael Praetorius on Bassanelli in Syntagma Musicum [Hans Mons]
• Bell: see Percussion
• Bladder Pipe
• The Bladder Pipe [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• See also Bagpipes
• Blokflüt / Blokfluit: see Recorder
• Bodhrán: see Percussion
• The Bow
• The Transition to the Tourte Bow and its Effect on Bowing Articulation [Pamela Goldsmith, Violin Society Journal, lecture demonstration and article, 1986.]
• The Early Evolution of the Bow and its Subsequent "Grip" on Musical Technique [Anthony Cushing]
• Yew Bows [Medieval bows] [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• Bows [Bernard Ellis]
• See also Rebec; Violin; Viol; Violone
• Bowed Psaltery: see Psaltery
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Brass: Early History; Acoustics; Range
• Bugle: see Trumpet

C
• Mechanical Music Digest's Calliope Home Page [Mechanical Music Digest]
• Carillon
• What is a Carillon? [The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)]
• The History of the Carillon [The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)]
• The Carillon as a Musical Instrument [The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)]
• Carillon Bells [The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)]
• The Carillon Keyboard and Playing Mechanism [The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)]
• The Carillon: Vermeer's Musical Companion [Adelheid Rech, Essential Vermeer; a complete concise history]
• [Peace Tower Carillon, Ottawa] History [House of Commons Heritage Collection, Parliament of Canada]
• The Netherlands Carillon [nps.gov (National Parks Service)]
• Rees Memorial Carillon
• World Carillon Web Site Index
• Bell & Carillon Links [The Trinity College Guild of Carillonneurs, The Plumb Memorial Carillon of Trinity College, Trinity College, Hartford, CT]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Bb Clarinet, History [brief historical outline, in sections: "Forerunners in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages", "From the chalumeau to the clarinet", "In search of the pure tone", "19th century – striving for technical perfection", "Present day"]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Bass Clarinet, History [brief historical outline, in sections: "Forerunners", "Early bass clarinets", "The bass clarinet in the orchestra"]
• Development of the Clarinet [Gregory Barrett, School of Music, Northern Illinois University; A brief history of the Clarinet's development]
• Basset horn [Stephen Fox Clarinets]
• Basset Horn by Frantisek Doleisch I, Prague, 1793 [National Music Museum: America's Shrine to Music Museum, The University of South Dakota]
• The Clarinet Family [Erik Ahlgren]
• Delicacy, sentimentality and intimacy: the chalumeau as 'signifier' [Ingrid Elizabeth Pearson, University of Sheffield, at International Clarinet Association]
• Some Light on the Chalumeau [Edgar Hunt, at International Clarinet Association]
• Chalumeau [Nicholas Bucknall]
• Tarogato [Nicholas Bucknall]
• Basset Clarinet [Nicholas Bucknall]
• Basset Horn and 5 key Classical Clarinet [Nicholas Bucknall]
• Clarinet acoustics: an introduction [Joe Wolfe, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia]
• Contrabass Clarinet [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Octocontrabass & Octocontralto Clarinets [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• International Clarinet Association, ClarinetFest® Presentation Archives
• International Clarinet Association, The Clarinet Journal, The Clarinet Master Index
• Clarinet in B-flat, 1830 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Central Europe and Low Countries, 1800–1900 A.D.: Clarinet in B-flat, 1830 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• The History of the Early Clarinet [Brian Ackerman, Ackerman Music Ltd.]
• See also Early Wind Instruments
• Charango: see Guitar
• Chitarrone: see Lute
• Citole
• The Gittern and Citole [Diabolus in musica]
• The Citole Project [Paul Butler, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden]
• Citole [Bernard Ellis]
• Cittern
• Renovata Cythara: The Renaissance Cittern Page
• The Cittern and Bandora [Diabolus in musica]
• Relatives of the Lute: Cittern [Lute Society of America]
• Cittern [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Cittern Music in the Sixteenth Century [Erneston Music Library, Appalachian State University]
• Cittern [Bernard Ellis]
• Clarinet: see Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn
• Clavichord
• Clavichord World [Kemer Thomson; hosted by San Diego Harpsichord]
• A Brief History of the Clavichord [David J. Kent]
• References for the Harpsichord and Clavichord [Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• Clavichord Technique and Performance Practice: An Annotated Bibliography [Robert Kelley]
• The Boston Clavichord Society
• What is a Clavichord?
• Keys and Keyboards: ("A Short history on Keys and Keyboard Compass, plus lists of octave Span's and Keyboard Compass") [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Clavichord, 1763 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• William Horn, Strumenti a tastiera per la musica antica / Keyboard instruments for early music / Tasteninstrumente für alte Musik
• Organology, The clavichord
• Clavichord International Press ["...a small Private Press focusing on publications of clavichord-related subjects."]
• See also Keyboards
• Clavicytherium [LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia ("Based on the 11th Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica", 1911)]
• Claviorgan: see Harpsichord; Organ
• Concertina
• A Brief List of Introductory Materials Concerning the Concertina [Compiled by Michael J. Buonaiuto; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Cor anglais: see Oboe
• Cornamuse [= Renaissance double-reed instrument with wind-cap]
• The Cornamuse [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Cornamuse [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Cornamuse / Cornemuse [= Bagpipe]
• Cornet
• The Cornet Compendium: The History and Development of the Nineteenth-Century Cornet [Richard I. Schwartz]
• Vintage Cornets: Images and Information on the Collection and Restoration of Vintage Cornets [Nick DeCarlis]
• The French Connection: Origin and Early Days of Périnet-Valved Bb Cornet Design [Niles Eldredge, The American Museum of Natural History, New York]
• Late 19th century brass instruments: Echo Cornet [Historic Musical Instruments from the Edinburgh University Collection]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Cornett / Cornetto, Lizard, Serpent
• The Renaissance Cornetto [David Jarratt-Knock]
• The Zink (cornett) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Cornett [Doug Sears]
• Cornett [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Cornetts and Serpents [Antique Sound Workshop, Ltd.]
• The Mute Cornett [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Lizard (tenor cornett) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Serpent Website [Paul Schmidt]
• The Serpent (bass cornett) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Serpent! [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Serpent [Jacob Selmer]
• Early 19th century brasswind instruments: Serpent [Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments]
• Mid 19th century brasswind instruments: Contrabass serpent [Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments]
• Simon's Serpent Page [Simon Chadwick]
• Serpent Playing [Laura Conrad]
• Sixteenth Century Italian Repertory specifically calling for Cornetto [Andrew J. Pelletier, University of Southern California]
• A Serpent Photo Gallery [Douglas Yeo]
• Tempted by a Serpent [Douglas Yeo]
• A Musical Serpent Joins The BSO: Rambling About Tanglewood [Andrew L. Pincus, The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) on August 14, 1998; at: Douglas Yeo]
• Jeremy West
• Christopher Monk Instruments (CMI)
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Cornetto in A, 1570–80 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• His Majesty's Sagbutts & Cornetts
• See also Early Wind Instruments; Brass
• Crowd / Crwth / Bowed Lyre
• English Crowd [Bernard Ellis]
• Welsh Crwth [Bernard Ellis]
• The Crwth
• Crwth (Crooth) [Hank Taylor]
• The Lyre Project
• Bragod: Crwth, Lyre and Voice
• Crumhorn
• The Crumhorn Home Page [Compiled by Nicholas Lander]
• The Crumhorn and Rackett [Diabolus in musica]
• The Crumhorn [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Crumhorn [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Curtal: see Dulcian

D
• Dichord: see Tromba Marina
• Division Viol: see Viola da gamba (Viol)
• Double Bass
• The Double Bass [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Double Bass and Violone Internet Archive [Jerry Fuller]
• Baroque Bowed-Bass Instruments [Joelle Fancher Morton, based on Jack Ashworth and Paul O'Dette's work, as published in A Performer's Guide to Seventeenth Century (Schirmer, 1997)]
• A Brief History of the Double Bass [Lawrence Hurst]
• History of the Double Bass [Rodney Slatford; "Reproduced with the publishers' consent from The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians® edited by Stanley Sadie, in twenty volumes, 1980, © Macmillan Publishers Limited, London."]
• historical bass website: Musical Iconography [Joëlle Morton; mainly early music; not limited to the bass]
• Database of Violin Iconography [Dmitry Badiarov]
• See also Viol; Violone
• Dulce Melos [Bernard Ellis]
• Dulcian or Curtal
• The Shawm and Curtal [Diabolus in musica]
• The Dulcian [Hans Mons]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• The Dulcian [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Curtal
• The Baroque Bassoon Home Page [John Morris; Japanese]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Bassoon, History [brief historical outline, in sections: "Shawms in the Renaissance period", "The dulcian", "The early bassoon", "19th century – the birth of the modern bassoon"]
• See Early Wind Instruments
• Dulcimer
• The Official WWW Hammered Dulcimer Page
• The Psaltery and Dulcimer [Diabolus in musica]
• The Dulcimer [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Hammered Dulcimers [The Kitchen Musician Website]
• dulcimers.com
• Hammered Dulcimer Base [Realm Music]
• Dulcimer [Bernard Ellis]

E
• English horn: see Oboe
• Double-Bell Euphonium, 1936 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]

F
• Fiedel / [medieval] Fiddle / Vielle
• Medieval Fiddles [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• The English Square Fydell [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• Waisted Vielle [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• Alfonso Oval Fiedel [Bernard Ellis]
• Memling Fiedel [Bernard Ellis]
• Munich Fiedel [Bernard Ellis]
• Fife: see Flute
• Flageolet
• Flageolets [BBC, h2g2]
• Flauto dolce: see Recorder
• Flauto traverso: see Flute
• Flute & Piccolo
• The Transverse Flute [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Iconografia del flauto traverso antico [Flute iconography: Stefano Bet]
• The Renaissance Flute [Lilia Gamez, University of Houston]
• The Evolution of the Baroque Flute [Emily Scammell, Acadia University]
• Baroque Flute Resources [Scott Smith, Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University]
• Ardal Powell's 18th-century Flute Database ["The database file contains listings for about 1700 instruments, with details of attribution, maker's mark, materials, keys, and reports in the literature."]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Concert flute
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Piccolo, octave flute, History [brief historical outline]
• The Flute, Recorder, Whistle and Tabor Pipe [Diabolus in musica]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Flute", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Flute"; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Il Flauto Traverso Rinascimentale [The Renaissance Flute (Luca Verzulli)] [In Italian; much incongraphy (facsimiles)]
• Trattati Antichi [List of period treatises, 1511-1650, with facsimiles of original images of flutes]
• Bibliografia [Bibliography-multilingual (including English)]
• Dizi [World Instrument Gallery]
• Maceno, Maceño, Mohoceño, Moseno [World Instrument Gallery]
• Dayton C. Miller Collection ["nearly 1,650 flutes and other instruments, statuary, iconography, books, music, tutors, patents, and other materials mostly related to the flute…[including]…Western and non-Western examples from all over the world. …This Preview of the online collection features catalog entries and images for 102 of the 1,650 instruments in the collection."]
• Scope and Content Note

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Browse Subject Index [then follow links to photographs (full size) and other information]
• Five Flutes [Photographs, details, and other supplementary photoraphs & information]
• Invoice to Frederick the Great from Quantz listing salary amounts due to members of the Court [facsimile]
• Books, Tutors, and Patents (including: The Pleasant Companion: or New Lessons and Instructions for the Flagelet by Thomas Greeting, London: Printed for J. Playford…, 1680. [Complete online facsimile of the original book in the Dayton C. Miller Collection. Title page (of original) is Image 6.])
• Wind Instruments In the Dayton C. Miller Collection
• Flutehistory.com
• (Folkers & Powell, Makers of Historical Flutes ["professional-quality baroque flutes and other historical transverse flutes closely modeled on excellent original designs from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries."] )
  • Site Map
• Big Flutes [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Traverso [Information about the quarterly that provides "a quarterly package of news and information to connect and inform everyone interested in the history of the flute and its music." This includes an offer to send two sample issues.]
• Back issues (index)
Single examples:
• Transverse Flute in D-flat, ca. 1760 - 90 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Transverse Flute in D-flat, 1813 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• British Isles, 1600–1800 A.D.: Fife, ca. 1780–90 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• See Early Wind Instruments
• See also Recorder
• flûte à bec: see Recorder
• Fortepiano: see Piano

G
• Gamba: see Viola da gamba (Viol)
• Gemshorn
• The Gemshorn [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Gittern
• The Gittern and Citole [Diabolus in musica]
• Gittern [Bernard Ellis]
• Guitar
• The Guitar and Vihuela [Diabolus in musica]
• klassiskgitar.net
• Sources manuscrites en tablature / Manuscript Sources in Tablature: Un projet d'inventaire et de description des sources musicales notées en tablature / Inventory and Description of Manuscript Sources in Tablature, A Project [Christian Meyer; in French and English]
• "Ce projet s'inscrit dans le prolongement du catalogue publié en 1978 par Wolfgang Boetticher, Handschriftlich Überlieferte Lauten-und Gitarrentabulaturen des 15. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Beschreibender Katalog (München: G. Henle Verlag; Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, B VII)."
• Relatives of the Lute: Renaissance Guitar [Lute Society of America]
• Relatives of the Lute: Baroque Guitar [Lute Society of America]
• Charango [World Instrument Gallery]
• Articles by Kenneth Sparr
• Nova Giulianiad
Single examples:
• Guitar, ca. 1630 - 1650 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Venice and Northern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Guitar, ca. 1630–50 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Iberian Peninsula, 1600–1800 A.D.: Guitar, ca. 1780 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• United States and Canada, 1800–1900 A.D.: Guitar, ca. 1838 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Guitar, 1912 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Guitar, 1973 - 1974 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
United States and Canada, 1900 A.D.–present: Cuatro puertorriqueño, 2003 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Baroque Guitar [Bernard Ellis]

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• See also Lyre-guitar


H
• Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, 1800–1900 A.D.: Hardanger Fiddle, 1756 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Harmonica
• A Selected List of References to the Harmonica [Compiled by Archive of Folk Culture staff; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Bass Harmonica [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Harmonium: see Reed organ / Harmonium / Regal
• Harp

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Early Harp Homepage [Andrew Lawrence-King]
• The Harp Page
• A hamper of harps [David Kettlewell; many photographs of iconography and historical harps.]
• The Harp [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• klassiskgitar.net
• Gaelic Harps & Harpers in Ireland & Scotland [Robert Ruadh; Includes a brief history of the harp.]
• Celtic Harps: A Brief Listing of Recent Books [Compiled by Pamela L. Feldman; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• 14th Century Harp [Bernard Ellis]
• Early Harps by Eric [modern builder of period harps]
• Modern reproductions: links to various types of harps
• Thurau-Harfenmanufaktur [modern builder of modern and period harps]
Single examples:
• Egypt, 2000–1000 B.C.: Harp, New Kingdom, late Dynasty 18, ca. 1390–1295 B.C., Egyptian [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Lebes gamikos (wedding vase), ca. 430–420 B.C.; Classical, Attributed to the Washing Painter, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Southern Europe, 8000–2000 B.C.: Seated harp player, ca. 2800–2700 B.C.; Early Cycladic I–II, Cycladic; Grotta-Pelos culture, Marble [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Harp-lute (western)
• British Isles, 1800–1900 A.D.: Harp-lute, ca. 1815 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Harpsichord / Virginal
• The Harpsichord [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Harpsichord Photo [At: HPSCHD-L: Harpsichords and Related Topics]
• References for the Harpsichord and Clavichord [Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• History of the Harpsichord in Eighteenth Century France and the Flemish Influence [Janet Pierce; paper for course of J. Richard Haefer, College of Fine Arts, Arizona State University]
• A Brief History of the Harpsichord [John Sankey]
• The Physics of Harpsichord Sound
• Harpsichord Miscellany [Reid Byers]
• Zuckermann Harpsichords International: Tour of a Harpsichord
• Keys and Keyboards: ("A Short history on Keys and Keyboard Compass, plus lists of octave Span's and Keyboard Compass") [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Sounds of harpsichords and related instruments... [Bradley Lehman]
• The Virginal Tracker Project [Nelson Denton, The Pipe Organ Tracker Project]
• William Horn, Strumenti a tastiera per la musica antica / Keyboard instruments for early music / Tasteninstrumente für alte Musik
• Organology
  The italian harpsichord The flemish harpsichord The french harpsichord The german harpsichord The english harpsichord The virginal
• Keys to the Millennium: Bringing the Harpsichord into the 21st Century
Single examples:
• Spinetta, 1540 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Venice and Northern Italy, 1400–1600 A.D.: Spinetta with Case, 1540 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Double Virginal, 1581 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Low Countries, 1400–1600 A.D.: Double Virginal, 1581 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Claviorganum, 1598 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Rectangular Octagonal Virginal, ca. 1600 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Harpsichord, ca. 1650 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D.: Harpsichord, ca. 1650 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Rome and Southern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Harpsichord, 1666 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Harpsichord, ca. 1675 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Rome and Southern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Harpsichord, ca. 1675 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Wendy Powers, "The Golden Harpsichord of Michele Todini (1616–1690)", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2003).
• See also Keyboards
• Heckelphones [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Hirtenschalmei: see Shawm
• Horn
• Cyber Horn Museum [hornplanet.com (Thomas Bacon)]
• The Exhibition Gallery - A brief history of horn evolution
• Natural Horn [Department of Music Horn Studio, Auburn University]
• The persistence of the natural horn in the romantic period [K.C. Moore]
• Trashing the Valved Horn?: Comments on Valved and Natural Horns from Turn of the Century England [John Q. Ericson, The IHS Online (International Horn Society)]
• The Natural Horn Today [Jeffrey Snedeker, CompositionToday]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Horn Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Horn..."; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Horn Articles Online [John Ericson]
Single examples:
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Hunting horn, ca. 1710–20 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Ceramic Horn, late 18th or early 19th century [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• See also Early Wind Instruments; Brass
• Horn, early—ivory (medieval)
• Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D.: Horn, ca. 1100–1200, South Italian, Ivory [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Hurdy-Gurdy / Organistrum / Symphonia / Vielle a Roue
• A Brief History Of The Hurdy Gurdy [Astra Thor]
• The Hurdy-Gurdy [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Hurdy-Gurdy Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Hurdy-Gurdy..."; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Hurdy-Gurdy Pictorial Gallery
• la vielle a roue [in French; at: La Veillée Limousine]
• Alden and Cali Hackmann's Hurdy-gurdy Site [Olympic Musical Instruments]
• The History of the Hurdy Gurdy
• Organistrum [Bernard Ellis]
• Symphonies [Bernard Ellis]
• Pimpard Hurdy Gurdy [Bernard Ellis]
• Louvet Hurdy Gurdy [Bernard Ellis]
• Henry III Hurdy Gurdy [Bernard Ellis]

I
• Irish whistle: see Tinwhistle / Pennywhistle / Irish whistle / Whistle

K

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Keyboards
• Mary Rasmussen, "Stringed Keyboard", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Stringed Keyboard"; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Rebecca Arkenberg, "Renaissance Keyboards", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
• The Finchcocks Collection ("The Finchcocks collection comprises historical keyboard instruments, mainly from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and numbers nearly a hundred instruments in all. Early pianos make up the main body, but there is also a number of chamber organs, harpsichords, virginals, spinets and clavichords.")
• Mozart's Keyboards [Christopher Nobbs, The Academy of Ancient Music]
• Keyboard temperament analyzer/calculator [Dr. Bradley Lehman]
• William Horn, Strumenti a tastiera per la musica antica / Keyboard instruments for early music / Tasteninstrumente für alte Musik
• Early Keyboard Links [Richard Thomas John]
• Kithara
• Kithara [Bernard Ellis]
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Amphora, ca. 490 B.C.; Classical; red-figure, Attributed to the Berlin Painter, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Italian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Seated woman playing a kithara: From Room H of the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, ca. 40–30 B.C.; Late Republican, Roman, Wall painting; Fresco [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Kortholt
• The Kortholt [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Kortholt [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Kortholts


L
• Lira: see Rebec
• Lirone
• Photographs of modern copies of two sixteenth-century instruments [Peter Hütmannsberger]
• Lizard: see Cornett

Oud
Lute, long-neck

• Lute
• Lute Society of America and more information
• Lutes: hand positions (excerpts from treatises)
• Lutes: photographs
• Lutes: photo of inner construction (especially of top ribbing)
• Lute Society of America iconographic sources:
• Lutes: iconography and more pictures
• English Lute Music and Scribes, 1530-1630 [Julia Craig-McFeely]
• What is a Lute?
• Forms of the Lute: Family of Renaissance Lutes
• Forms of the Lute: 10-Course Lute
• Forms of the Lute: Baroque Lute
• Forms of the Lute: Theorbo or Chitarrone

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• Tablature in PDF and PostScript [Wayne Cripps]
• The Lute [Diabolus in musica]
• The Lute [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Lute [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• A Brief History of the Lute [See the links at the borrom of the page to move from section to section. David van Edwards, Luthier]
• History of the Lute [Art Robb, Luthier]
• Rebecca Arkenberg, "Renaissance Lutes", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
• The Theorbo Information Page [Lynda Sayce, Lynda's Pages]
• Archiluths: Théorbe, chitarone, luth théorbé [Références, musicologie.org, Encyclopédie]
• Robert Spencer, "Chitarrone, Theorbo and Archlute" Reproduced from the original article in Early Music, Vol. 4 No. 4 (October 1976). [David van Edwards, Luthier]
• Structure of the Western Lute [David van Edwards, Luthier]
• Sources manuscrites en tablature / Manuscript Sources in Tablature: Un projet d'inventaire et de description des sources musicales notées en tablature / Inventory and Description of Manuscript Sources in Tablature, A Project [Christian Meyer; in French and English]
• "Ce projet s'inscrit dans le prolongement du catalogue publié en 1978 par Wolfgang Boetticher, Handschriftlich Überlieferte Lauten-und Gitarrentabulaturen des 15. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Beschreibender Katalog (München: G. Henle Verlag; Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, B VII)."
• J. Kenneth Moore, "The Pipa", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2003).
• klassiskgitar.net
• Nova Giulianiad
• Articles by Kenneth Sparr
• Lute Iconography by Alfonso Marín [Valeria Mignaco, soprano; Alfonso Marín, lute]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Lute Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Lute..."; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Venice and Northern Italy, 1400–1600 A.D.: Titian and Workshop, Venus and the Lute Player, ca. 1565–70 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Rome and Southern Italy, 1400–1600 A.D.: Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi), The Musicians, ca. 1595 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D.: Johannes Vermeer, Woman with a Lute, early 1660s [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• China, 500–1000 A.D.: Group of seated female musicians, Tang dynasty (618–906), late 7th century, China [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Oud Home Page [Kaira Records]
• Pipa [World Instrument Gallery]
• Biwa [World Instrument Gallery]
Single examples:
• Renaissance period stringed instruments: Lute [Historic Musical Instruments from the Edinburgh University Collection]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Chitarrone, ca. 1725 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Rome and Southern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Chitarrone, 1725 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Pipa, late 15th or early 16th century; Ming Dynasty, China [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / China, 1400–1600 A.D.: Pipa, Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Unknown Maker, China [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• China, 1800–1900 A.D.: Pipa, 19th century, Made by Jiu-cheng (Chinese), Guangzhou (Canton), China [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Lute of the Month [iconography in the history of the lute] [David van Edwards, Luthier]
• Renaissance Lute [Bernard Ellis]
• Theorbo [Bernard Ellis]
• Oud or Ud [World Instrument Gallery]
• A Brief List of Material Relating to the Yugoslavian Tambura (Tanbura) [Compiled by Joseph C. Hickerson; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• Lyre (ancient)
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Bell krater, ca. 460 B.C.; Classical; red-figure, Attributed to the Danae Painter, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Bell-krater, ca. 440 B.C.; red-figure, Attributed to the Painter of London E 497, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Kylix, ca. 480 B.C.; red-figure, Attributed to the Dokimasia Painter, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: One-handled kantharos, ca. 500 B.C.; Archaic, Attributed to the Class of the One-Handled Kantharoi, Greek, Attic [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Lyre, bowed: see Crowd
• France, 1800–1900 A.D.: Lyre-guitar, early 19th century (ca. 1805) [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Lyre, plucked: see Rote
• Lyra Viol: see Viola da gamba (Viol)


M
• Mandolin
• Relatives of the Lute: Mandolino [Lute Society of America]
• Mandolin [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Mandolin, ca. 1900 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Early Mandolin [Bernard Ellis]
• Mandora
• Mandora Music in the Sixteenth Century [Erneston Music Library, Appalachian State University]
• Mandora, ca. 1420 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Venice and Northern Italy, 1400–1600 A.D.: Mandora or Chitarino, ca. 1420 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Mechanical Musical Instruments
• Mechanical Musical Instruments from the collections of the Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
• Mechanical Musical Instruments, Society for Self-Playing Musical Instruments (Gesellschaft für Selbstspielende Musikinstrumente e.V.)
• Player Piano [Michael Waters]
• The Player Piano Page [Ian McLaughlin]
• The Player Piano Ring [John A. Tuttle]
• Ecomusée d'Alsace (Carrousel Salon Demeyer Eden-Palladium)
• The Salzburg Stier (Bull) Barrel Organ: Located In The Fortress Hohensalzburg
• Musica Mecanica
• Other Mechanical Music Sites, Restorers, Builders and Suppliers [Fair Organ Preservation Society]
• Mechanical Musical Instruments [(collection of links at:) Radio Program: "Psyche van het Folk", Radio Centraal, Belgium]
• Mechanical Music Digest (MMD)
• "...a moderated forum, published daily on the Internet and distributed primarily by e-mail."
• Mountain Dulcimer: see Appalachian Dulcimer
• Musette: see Bagpipes

N
• Northumbrian Smallpipes: see Bagpipes

O

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Oboe
• Contrabass Oboe [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• A Bibliography of Writings about the Oboe and Bassoon, 17th-19th Centuries [David Lasocki, Indiana University Music Library]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Oboe
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, English horn, cor anglais, History [brief historical outline]
• Christopher Monk Instruments (CMI)
• Oboe in C, before 1727 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• See Early Wind Instruments
• Ocarina [Vessel Flute]
•  
• Oliphant [Sam Cronk]
• Orpharion
• Orpharion Music in the Sixteenth Century [Erneston Music Library, Appalachian State University]
• Orpharion [Bernard Ellis]
• Ophicleide
• The Ophicleide [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• John's Ophicleide Directory [John Davies]
• Organ
• Organ Design And History: A Brief Bibliography of Sources in English [Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• Rebecca Arkenberg, "Renaissance Organs", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
• The Organetto (portative) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Organum: Arte Organaria Italiana [N.Waanders and D.Santarsiero]
• Gottfried Silbermann, Master Organ-Builder of the German Baroque [Gottfried Silbermann Museum, Frauenstein]
• Gottfried Silbermann, Master Organ-Builder of the German Baroque:The Gottfried Silbermann Legacy
• The Handel Organ at St Lawrence Little Stanmore (c1717)
• An Exceptionally Rare Early 17th Century Organ in the USA: Historic St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, VA [Classical Net]
• The Osiris Archive of Organ Specifications & The Diapason Index
• Oberlinger Bros. Pipe Organ Building Company: Historical Copies
• Keys and Keyboards: ("A Short history on Keys and Keyboard Compass, plus lists of octave Span's and Keyboard Compass") [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Göteborg Organ Art Center (Sweden)
• The Early English Organ Project
• Organum ("exploring the italian organ")
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Claviorganum, 1598 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Pipe Organ, 1830 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• See also Keyboards
• Organetto: see Organ
• Oud: see Lute

P
• Panpipes / Pan-Flute
• Pan-Flute.com
• A Worldwide History of the Panflute [Douglas Bishop]
• Panflute-World [email discussion list]
• Pennywhistle: see Tinwhistle / Pennywhistle / Irish whistle / Whistle
• Percussion
• Percussion [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Renaissance Long Drum [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Bell Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to Lute; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Mary Rasmussen, "Drums", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Drums"; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• Mary Rasmussen, "Tambourine Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Tambourine..."; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
Single examples:
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Side drum, 1694–1733 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• United States and Canada, 1800–1900 A.D.: Side drum, ca. 1800 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• United States and Canada, 1800–1900 A.D.: Side drum, ca. 1860 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropol itan Museum of Art]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Hans Sebald Beham, Standard Bearer and Drummer, 1544 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• United States, 1600–1800 A.D.: Rattle, whistle, and bells, 1755–68 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Italian Peninsula, 1–500 A.D.: Statuette of Cybele on a cart drawn by lions, Imperial, second half of 2nd century A.D., Roman [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• See also Tabor; Xylophone
• Piano / Fortepiano / Pianoforte
• History of the Piano (in chronological order) [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• A History of the Piano from 1709 to 1980 [David S. Grover, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• The History of the Piano: Selected Bibliography [At: Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos [At: Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• Frederick Historic Piano Collection
• Early Piano – Fortepiano Information Site
• Development of the Piano, 1709-1900 [Brent Reidy, Music 33: 18th & 19th Century Western Art Music; Dartmouth College]
• Historical Tunings on the Modern Concert Grand [Edward Foote, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Keys and Keyboards: ("A Short history on Keys and Keyboard Compass, plus lists of octave Span's and Keyboard Compass") [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Player Piano History & Development [At: The Player Piano Page]
• Broadwood
• Broadwood [W. Edward. Wilkins, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• John Broadwood ("the official version by Broadwood & Sons") [At: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Letter from Beethoven to Broadwood [At: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• John Brinsmead 1836-1921 [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• The History of Sebastian Erard [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• The History of Chappell Pianos [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• The History of Johann Baptist Cramer [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• The History of John Hopkinson [Barrie Heaton, at: U.K. Piano Pages: History]
• Piano World
• William Horn, Strumenti a tastiera per la musica antica / Keyboard instruments for early music / Tasteninstrumente für alte Musik
• Organology, The fortepiano
Single examples:
• Grand Piano, 1720 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Florence and Central Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Grand Piano, 1720 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Wendy Powers, "The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731)", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2003).
• Grand Piano, ca. 1790 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Grand Piano, 1815 - 20 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Grand Pianoforte, ca. 1840 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Square Piano, 1853 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• Barrel Piano, ca. 1860 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• United States and Canada, 1800–1900 A.D.: Grand piano, 1868 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• France, 1800–1900 A.D.: Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Two Young Girls at the Piano, 1892 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• See also Keyboards
• For Player Piano / Pianola, see: Mechanical Musical Instruments
• Piccolo: see Flute
• Pipa: see Lute
• Pipe: see Tabor
• Plucked Dulcimer: see Appalachian Dulcimer
• Pommer: see Shawm
• Portative: see Organ
• Psaltery
• The Psaltery and Dulcimer [Diabolus in musica]
• The Psaltery [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Plucked Psaltery [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Bowed Psaltery [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Early Music Myths: The Bowed Psaltery [Diabolus in musica]
• Psaltery [Bernard Ellis]


R
• Rackett
• The Crumhorn and Rackett [Diabolus in musica]
• The Rackett [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Racketts [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Rauschpfeife / Schreierpfeife / Schryari
• The Rauschpfeife [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Rauschpfeife [the LeSession pages, Steve Mansfield]
• Rebec
• The Rebec Project [Paul Butler]
• The Rebec [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Rebec [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• Rebec [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• Southern Europe, 1800–1900 A.D.: Lira, ca. 1890, Greece [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Praetorius Rebec [Bernard Ellis]
• Italian Treble Rebec [Bernard Ellis]
• See also: The Bow

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Recorder
• Wendy Powers, "The Development of the Recorder", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2003).
• The Recorder [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Recorder Home Page (Nicholas S. Lander)
• Recorder Iconography
• Articles
• The Flute, Recorder, Whistle and Tabor Pipe [Diabolus in musica]
• Great Bass and Contrabass Recorders [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Recorders [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• The Recorder [Geoff Walker]
• The recorder in France / La flûte à bec en France
• Flauto Nuovo: Instituut voor blokfluitonderricht in Friesland (Nederland)
• David Bellugi, Recorder (flauto dolce)

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• music 88: recorders & recorder music
• Recorder music [scores in PDF format; Christian Mondrup and Annette Mondrup]
Single examples:
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Tenor Recorder in C, end of 16th century [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Alto Recorder in F, ca. 1700 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Alto Recorder in F, ca. 1700 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D.: Soprano Recorder, ca. 1700 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Alto Recorder, mid-18th century [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• British Isles, 1600–1800 A.D.: Alto Recorder, mid-18th century [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• See Early Wind Instruments
• See also Flute
• American Recorder Society
• Recorder Resources
• Reed organ / Harmonium / Regal
• History of the reed organ [Louis Huivenaar]
• Regal or portable reed organ [aeiou]
• A Selected Bibliography on Reed Organs [Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1400–1600 A.D.: Regal, 1575 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Rote / Rotte / Saxon Rotte / Anglo-Saxon Lyre (Medieval)
• Medieval Rotte [Bernard Ellis]
• The Saxon Lyre: History, Construction, and Playing Techniques [Dofinn-Hallr Morrisson and Thóra Sharptooth]
• Saxon Rotte [Bernard Ellis]
• Bragod: Crwth, Lyre and Voice
• Rote / Rotte (late Medieval) [= Harp Psaltery]: see Psaltery


S
• Sackbutt: see Trombone
• Sarrusophones [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Saxophone
• The Bass Saxophone [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Contrabass Saxophone [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Subcontrabass Saxophones (?) [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Tubax [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Schreierpfeife / Schryari: see Rauschpfeife
• Serpent: see Cornett
• Shawm
• The Shawm and Curtal [Diabolus in musica]
• The Medieval Shawm (schalmei) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Renaissance Shawm [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Hirtenschalmei [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Shawms [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Bassoon, History [brief historical outline, in sections: "Shawms in the Renaissance period", "The dulcian", "The early bassoon", "19th century – the birth of the modern bassoon"]
• Shofar
• Shofar [World Instrument Gallery]
• The Shofar [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Shofar
• Sounding the Shofar [Rabbi Zack from Temple Beth Jacob in Oakland]
• The Shofar
• The Significance of the Shofar (Trumpet)
• Sittra (Swedish Lute)
• "The Improved Cittern" Catalogue of Printed and Manuscript Music for the Swedish Lute [Kenneth Sparr]
• Great Bass Sordune [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Spinets / Spinetta: see Harpsichord; Piano
• Symphonia: see Hurdy-Gurdy


T

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Tabor
• Pipe and Tabor [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Taborers Society
• Pipe & Tabor: The Quintessential Morris Instrument [Ishmael the Fiddler]
• A Plain and Easy Introduction to the English Pipe and Tabor
• The Pipe and Tabor
• The Flute, Recorder, Whistle and Tabor Pipe [Diabolus in musica]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Pipe and Tabor", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Pipe and Tabor"; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• The Pipe and Tabor: "An Address to a Society of Morris Dancers, Oxford, February 12, 1914 by Sir Francis Darwin (Son of Sir Charles Darwin)" [Chris Brady]
• See also: Percussion
• Tarogato: see Chalumeau, Clarinet, & Basset horn
• Theorbo / Théorbe / Tiorba: see Lute
• Timpani
• See also: Percussion
• Tinwhistle / Pennywhistle / Irish whistle / Whistle
• Chiff & Fipple
• The Whistle Annex: Being a site devoted especially to beginning players of the Irish Tin Whistle
• The Flute, Recorder, Whistle and Tabor Pipe [Diabolus in musica]
• Irish Tin-Whistle Instruction Books: A Bibliography [Compiled by Susan Rainsford; The American Folklife Center, Historic Bibliographies and Reference Aids]
• See also: Whistle (non-western)
• Transverse Flute / Traverso: see Flute
• Tromba Marina / Trumpet Marine / Dichord
• The Tromba Marina: A Study in Organology [Dwight Newton, at Oriscus]
• Tromba Marina [Kate Buehler-McWilliams, Unprofitable Instruments]
• Tromba Marina [Glen Peterson]
• Trumpet Marine [Bernard Ellis]
• Dichord [Bernard Ellis]
• Trombone
• The Sacbut [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Sackbut [British Trombone Society]
• Sacbutt [Early Musical Instruments, Early Music in Schools]
• His Majesty's Sagbutts & Cornetts
• Trombone History [extracted from Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edition not specified; see Grove Music Online]
• History of the Trombone [Brian Nuckels]
• Contrabass Trombone [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• Online Trombone Journal
• Sackbut Links
• See also Early Wind Instruments; Brass
• Trommel: see Percussion
• Trumpet and Bugle
• The Natural Trumpet Resource Web Site [Dave Baum]
• Natural Trumpet [Sam Cronk]
• Fanfare Trumpets [Pops Trumpet College]
• An Introductory History of the Bugle From its early origins to the present day [Jari Villanueva, TapsBugler.com]
• Mary Rasmussen, "Trumpet Iconography", Mary Rasmussen's Musical Iconography [scroll down to "Trumpet..."; Music Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824]:
• The Henry Meredith Historical Trumpet Exhibit [A Special Exhibition in the Marsh Gallery, University of Richmond for the 1999 ITG Conference, May 19-22, 1999.] [photographs]
• 18th Century Brass Instruments: Trumpet [Historic Musical Instruments from the Edinburgh University Collection]
• The Baroque Trumpet [Sarah Saunders]
• Bass and Contrabass Trumpet [Grant D. Green, The Contrabass Compendium]
• The Trumpeters of London
• British Isles, 1800–1900 A.D.: Bugle in C, 1811 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• See also Early Wind Instruments; Brass

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Trumpet Marine: see Tromba Marina
• Tuba
• The Tuba: Its Historical Development and Use [Erin O'Toole]

U
• Uilleann Pipes: see Bagpipes

V
• V'cello
• Baroque Bowed-Bass Instruments [Joelle Fancher Morton, based on Jack Ashworth and Paul O'Dette's work, as published in A Performer's Guide to Seventeenth Century (Schirmer, 1997), at: Jerry Fuller, The Double Bass and Violone Internet Archive]
• The Cello, 1700-1900 [Music 33: 18th & 19th Century Western Art Music; Dartmouth College]
• Database of Violin Iconography [Dmitry Badiarov]
• historical bass website: Musical Iconography [Joëlle Morton; mainly early music; not limited to the bass]
• Vessel Flute: see Ocarnia
• Vielle a Roue: see Hurdy-Gurdy
• Vihuela
• The Guitar and Vihuela [Diabolus in musica]
• Vihuela Music in the Sixteenth Century [Erneston Music Library, Appalachian State University]
• The Vihuela and the Guitar in the XVI Century [José Rodríguez Alvira, teoría: Music Theory Web]
• Relatives of the Lute: Vihuela [Lute Society of America]
• Vihuela [Bernard Ellis]
• Viola
• The Viola Web Site ["Home of the Viola Societies and the Viola Mailing Lists"]
• Database of Violin Iconography [Dmitry Badiarov]
• Viola da gamba (Viol)
• Violins and Viols [Diabolus in musica]
• Société Française de Viole [alternate]
• The Viol (viol da gamba) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• The Gamba (bass viol da gamba) [A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments]
• Viola da Gamba site [Jonathan Dunford]
• The Viola da gamba Page of the Orpheon Foundation [The Orpheon Foundation]
• Viola da gamba pages [Dirk Moelants; "...transcriptions of relevant passages from 17th century treatises, together with scans of the original pages." Excerpts from: Scipione Cerreto (ca.1551-ca.1633), Della prattica musica vocale et strumentale (1601); Michael Praetorius (ca. 1570-1621), Syntagma Musicum II (de Organographia) (1619); Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), Harmonie Universelle (1636); Christopher Simpson (ca.1605-1669), The Division-Viol, or The Art of Playing ex tempore to a Ground (1665); John Playford (1623-1686), An Introduction to the skill of music (1674); Mr. Demachy (2nd half 17th c.), Pieces de Violle, En Musique et en Tabulature (1685); Mr. Danoville (2nd half 17th c.), L'Art de Toucher le Dessus et Basse de Violle (1687).]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• Viola da gamba Community Information Service [K.Constant, A. Goshey, E. Thomas]
• Baroque Bowed-Bass Instruments [Joelle Fancher Morton, based on Jack Ashworth and Paul O'Dette's work, as published in A Performer's Guide to Seventeenth Century (Schirmer, 1997), at: Jerry Fuller, The Double Bass and Violone Internet Archive]
• A Viola da Gamba Bibliography [Taco Stronks and Johannes Boer: "books and articles on the viol which have primarily been published over the last few decades up to 1995. It does not claim to be complete."]
• historical bass website: Musical Iconography [Joëlle Morton; mainly early music; not limited to the bass]
Single examples:
• Viola da Gamba, ca. 1680 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]
• British Isles, 1600–1800 A.D.: Division Viol, 1692 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• France, 1600–1800 A.D.: Seven String Bass Viol, 1720 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1600–1800 A.D.: Bass Viol, 18th century [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Medieval Viol [Bernard Ellis]
• Bass Viola da Gamba [Bernard Ellis]
• Brescian Viola da Gamba [Bernard Ellis]
• Viols -- A mailing list for the discussion of the viola da gamba
• See also: The Bow; Violone
• Viola bastarda: see Viola da gamba (Viol)
• Viole d'Amour
• The Hidden World of the Viola d'Amore [Thomas Georgi (tgeorgi @ interlog.com)]
• Viole d'Amour / Viola d'Amore [Romain Ferrari]
• Violin
• Violins and Viols [Diabolus in musica]
• Rebecca Arkenberg, "Renaissance Violins", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
• The Baroque Violin (Andrew Manze) [With facsimiles from Praetorious, Theatrum Musicum, Plate XXI, The violin family illustrated in Michael Praetorius' Syntagma Musicum of 1618. 1 + 2 pochettes, 3 renaissance violin, 4 treble violin, 5 tenor violin, 6 bass violin. The Academy of Ancient Music.]
• Database of Violin Iconography [Dmitry Badiarov]
• Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Musical Instruments
• The Bergonzi Family of Violin Makers
• Gaspard Duiffopruggar
• Gasparo da Salo
• Giovanni Paolo Maggini
• Guarneri Family of Violin Makers
• Instrument Makers of the Stainer Family
• Klotz Family of Violin Makers
• Stradivarius Violins
• Violin Makers of the Amati Family
• Violin Makers Named Gagliano
• Violin Makers Named Glass
• Violin Makers Named Hopf
• Violin Makers Named Vuillaume
• Violin Makers of the Ruggieri Family
• Wendy Powers, "Violin Makers: Nicolò Amati (1596–1684) and Antonio Stradivari (ca. 1644–1737)", Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000– (October 2002).
Single examples:
• Venice and Northern Italy, 1400–1600 A.D.: Violin, ca. 1570 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Venice and Northern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Violin, 1669 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Violin, 1693 [Musical Instruments, Works of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York] / Venice and Northern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Violin, 1693 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Venice and Northern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Violin "The Francesca", 1694 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Venice and Northern Italy, 1600–1800 A.D.: Violin "The Antonius", 1717 [Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
• Baroque period stringed instruments: Violin [Historic Musical Instruments from the Edinburgh University Collection]
• See also: The Bow
• Violone
• The Double Bass and Violone Internet Archive [Jerry Fuller]
• Baroque Bowed-Bass Instruments [Joelle Fancher Morton, based on Jack Ashworth and Paul O'Dette's work, as published in A Performer's Guide to Seventeenth Century (Schirmer, 1997)]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

• historical bass website: Musical Iconography [Joëlle Morton; mainly early music; not limited to the bass]
• A Brief History of the Double Bass [Lawrence Hurst, School of Music, Indiana University]
• Database of Violin Iconography [Dmitry Badiarov]
Single examples:
• Violone in D / Contrabasso di Viola da gamba, Venetian, 17th C. [The Orpheon Foundation]
• Violone in G / Viola da gamba in G / Great bass Viola da gamba, German 18th C. [The Orpheon Foundation]
• Violone / Four-string Double Bass, by Jan Uldaricus Eberle, Prague, 1750 [The Orpheon Foundation]
• See also: The Bow; Viol
• Virginal: see Harpsichord
  W
• Whistle: see Tinwhistle / Pennywhistle / Irish whistle / Whistle
• Winds
• Wind Instruments of the Renaissance
• The Pifarri Page! Wind Instrument Ensembles in Italy from 1450 to 1620 [Brenda Flynn]
• Vienna Symphonic Library, Instruments Online, Woodwinds: Range
• Some further thoughts about (and images of) the vowels in French tonguing syllables [The Ranums' Panat Times, Patricia's musing at Panat]
• See also: Early Wind Instruments

Z
• Zink: see Cornett
• Zither
• concert zither c.1900 [S Thompson, at Objects through Time, Migration Heritage Centre at the Powerhouse Museum, New South Wales, Australia]
• Peter Lund Jr. Collection [collection contains: "17 Zither Instructor books (Darr, Enslein, Lerche Umlauf and others), Zither Albums (Maurer, Spindler, Gratzl, Lerche, and others), 20 printed music books, including Albums of Zither duets, Music for Zither (Umlauf, 24 works, Kollmaneck, 8 works, Stattler, Schiffel, Huber, 20 works, Enslein, 26 and Haustein 23 works) and Zither opera arias. Monograph of Die Zither by Viktor Nikl." Performing Arts Encyclopedia: A guide to the performing arts collections and exhibitions at the Library of Congress, The Library of Congress

World Instruments

• World Instrument Gallery [brief descriptions with photographs in several categories: "Fiddles, Spike Fiddles and Bowed Rebabs", "Flutes", "Free Reeds", "Harps, Lyres, and Musical Bows", "Horns", "Jaw Harps or Jews Harps", "Lutes and Plucked Rebabs", "Percussion", "Reeds", "Ocarinas or Vessel Flutes", "Zithers, Psalteries, Dulcimers"]
• Gakkigaku Shiryokan (Collection for Organology) [Kunitachi College of Music, Japan]
• Musical Instruments & Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
• Museum of Popular Instruments - Research Centre for Ethnomusicology {Museum of Popular Instruments - The Phoibos Anogeianakis Collection - Research Centre for Ethnomusicology (Athens)} [Hellenic Ministry of Culture]

	Instruments Top
	Individual Instruments Top

		Sixteenth-Century Vocal Counterpoint  |  Course Description
		Special Studies in Music History (Independent Study)  |  Course Description
		Baroque Counterpoint  |  Course Description
		Acadia Early Music Archive

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